The Effect Of Trade On Poverty - 1377 Words

1. INTRODUCTION Foreign trade has been a widely debated issue across the developing world. In the last 30 years, a number of developing countries increased their openness to foreign trade. World trade as a percentage of world output has increased 1.46 times between 1980 and 2003.These years witnessed an integration of individual economies into a globalized economy, which has been beneficial for the participating countries in many ways. This integration includes the flow of capital across countries in addition to the traditional trade in goods and services. In this piece, we focus on trade in goods and services between nations. We study the effects of trade on poverty. While the many advantages of trade liberalization have been widely†¦show more content†¦It opens new markets for domestic products and introduces new products in the domestic market. This is beneficial to both consumers and producers and in turn leads to an increase in national income. However, there are gains as well as losse s. As developing countries have sizable populations that live in poverty and access to basic necessities is not a given, the impact of foreign trade on poverty becomes an important issue. Even if the national income increases, the impact on poverty cannot be overlooked. Theoretical as well as empirical evidence says that trade liberalization is poverty alleviating although it is not the strongest tool for poverty reduction, though it is the cheapest and most accessible (Winters et al 2004). Winters et al (2004) decompose the link between poverty and trade liberalization using a framework developed by Winters (2000, 2002). They say that liberalization has distributional effects for which four routes have been outlined: macroeconomic aspects, households and markets, wages and employment and government revenue and spending. But the ambiguity remains because poverty is heterogeneous. A lot of differences are noted among individual households. The macroeconomic aspect deals with economic growth. Liberalization invariably leads to growth. The second route identified is through markets. Poor in most countries are mostly self-employed and have multiple sources of income like

French Stem-Changing Verbs

Essay about Barbara Norris Case Study - 3145 Words

Term Paper Case Study: Barbara Norris, Leading Change in the General Surgery Unit Term Paper Case Study Hodges University HAS 3129 Professor Mary MacLaughlin 12/10/15 Table of Contents Introduction to the Case Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..1 Statement of the Problems†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..2 Generating Alternatives and Analyzing the Data†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.2 Selecting Decision Criteria†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 Analyzing and Evaluating Alternatives and Action†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Recommendations and Implementation Plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.10 Term†¦show more content†¦These include relationships with the director of nursing, senior nursing staff, newer nursing staff, patient care assistants, physicians, and administrators. We will explore some of these relationships and the problems and issues associated with them, followed by recommendations and a plan of action that Barbara can implement to achieve her goals. Statement of the Problems As nurse manager Barbara is responsible for managing the staff, scheduling and budgeting for the unit. Her staff includes twenty-five registered nurses and eight patient care assistants (PCA’s). The unit is known for its culture of confrontation, blaming, and favoritism. The staff is dissatisfied, unmotivated, and not functioning as a team to deliver quality patient care. In Barbara’s first month she has lost two RN’s and due to a hiring freeze at EMU Barbara was not able to replace the positions. The unit is short staffed, stress levels are high and employee morale is low. Barbara meets individually with twenty or so staff members and comes to the conclusion that no one is happy and she has a lot of work to do. There are multiple groups that Barbara has identified issues with and she must come up with an action plan to manage the discrepancies. She has found issues in downward management which involves senior nurses, newer nurses, and patient care assistants, and in upward management including administrators and physicians,Show MoreRelatedBarbara Norris Case Study1062 Words   |  5 PagesBarbara Norris Case Analysis Synopsis - Barbara month into a management position of a unit that is ‘Troubled’ she has had no experience in managing a large units which included managing, scheduling and budgeting. - The unit is short staffed, stressed and there is a high turnover with a poor culture. Indicated by the 29 one-to-one that were requested page 2 top of 3. - Worst performing unit - John Frappewell (Nursing Director) needs her to ‘turn this unit around and do it fast’ could beRead More Protecting Women from Domestic Violence Essay5817 Words   |  24 Pageslegislature that improve women’s status (Dahlerup, 2001; Lovenduski 2001). Such changes may include implementing policy that is important to women, bringing attention to women’s issues, or changing the norms and values of the legislative institution (Norris and Lovenduski, 2003). According to a classification made by Rosabeth Moss Kanter, there are three categories of women’s minority status in the legislature: the skewed group of up to fifteen percent, in which women would be merely tokens and haveRead MoreThe Family Situation Comedy ( Sitcom )1931 Words   |  8 Pagesquintessential suburban father of the 50 s who worked the typical 9-5 job. His wife was a stay at home mom commonly called a homemaker. 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ThroughoutRead MoreMass Media And Reflection Of Society2345 Words   |  10 Pagesquintessential suburban fath er of the 50 s who worked the typical 9-5 job. His wife was a stay at home mom commonly called a homemaker. It was his sole income that provided his family with the lifestyle, typical of this suburban life. This was the case for about sixty percent of homes in the 1950 s. (Pew Research Center, 2015) Programs like â€Å"Father Knows Best† and â€Å"Leave It To Beaver† mirrored this standard. Even though their incomes were not particularly high, it was enough to support the familyRead MoreEffect of Matherial Weaknesses on Stock Exchange Market11608 Words   |  47 Pages 2.4.1 Overview of Section 404. 13 2.4.2 Internal Auditor Role in Section 404. 14 2.4.3 Definition of deficiencies in internal control system. 15 2.5 Market reactions after SOX. 16 3. 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Personal On Friends/Feelings Essay Example For Students

Personal On Friends/Feelings Essay I wouldnt know how to describe a painting or a sonata, but I can tell someone my feelings. Though people rarely know the meanings behind them Words fail me often, but nobody notices. They dont seem to listen anyway. One person knows me. When I talk to her, my words are knives in a drawer,they have power. The possible damages of them could be horrific..or so she implies. She and I are like a house which fell apartcurrently undergoing some careful remodeling. The mailbox is like the similarities in ourpast ..there isnt one. Religion is the sidewalk.cracked and broken almost tothe point of confusion whether there was a sidewalk there or not..but newconcrete is now being poured. Holes and cracks being filled in the wallsare like patching with devotion/love-putty in every argument in our future. A roofwhich has caved in. To most this would be formidable, but to her, a peacefulnight underthe stars! I love her attitude. Her thoughts sleep.while I stay up with the moon trying to exercise the demons in my mind. She is too intelligent, too spiritual for her own peace. A shaman, stuck in time. Im a regular Joe, with no spiritualthoughts, just factsfacts that make me wonder why she loves me. She, a strokeof genius and a slap in the face to the world. Im a stroke of nothing andusuallythat world. Im always restless, searching for my answers. Although beautysleep is not what she needs, she always seems to get it. Stories about morals andreligion slip from her mouth, while comical stories come from mine. Shelaughs. Probably to make me feel humorous. I love her generosity. Some things I say are like sour notes played too often. Im out of tune, but she always sings along. Our relationship waltz is better thanmost. Weknow our own steps by heart. She sometimes makes me nervous, still. Her dreams are bigger than both of us. When she speaks about them her wordsflow so smoothly. My words fall from my lips clumsily. They arent enough toexplainwho I want to be for her. I am so flawed sometimes and she is sure let meknow it.. Im going to Bobbys hose.Hose Bobbys hose? I think you are looking for the wordhouse.She knew what I was saying, but she chooses to make a point. I love herhumor. Our days together have roots that go deep. They go to the center of the earth and back and wrap around memories that will never languish. Images of her burn into my mind..shes carefully trying to balance me on the tip of her finger, but she is too precarious and I always fall. Ilaugh when looking up, although saddened by her uncertainty. I love herhonesty. I preach terrible love speeches to her all of the timebut Im strongerwith a pen in my hand. My mind spins with thoughts that are like rain, I cant catch them all. I wish I could, but I feel a drought coming. Illweed through the mess later. Right now I have plenty buckets to fill. Ourroof is leaking, and somehowsome way we will easily find it refreshing. I love her.

Emerson And Feudalism Essays (811 words) - Feudalism,

Emerson And Feudalism ?America was opened after the feudal mischief was spent, and so the people made a good start.? Was Ralph Waldo Emerson correct in that assertion? Why or why not? ? How were a person's rights and responsibilities determined in the feudal era? How are a person's rights and responsibilities determined in the United States today? ? What evidence is there in the U.S. Constitution that Americans rejected or accepted beliefs that were commonly held in the feudal era? To begin to fully understand what Emerson really meant in his speech from Boston's Old South Church, we must break it down. First, when Emerson speaks of the feudal mischief being spent, he means that the peak of the feudal era has passed in Europe when the colonists began to arrive in North America. In the second half Emerson asserts that because the colonists came over to America to build their own governments, without the influence of feudalism. These governments, free of feudalism, were an indication to Emerson that the colonists had made ?a good start.? While Emerson was right in the assertion that America made a start free of feudalism in the early stages of the colonies, he was incorrect in assuming that America would never experience ?feudal mischief? again. A resurgence of feudalism by King George in later years caused the colonists to revolt. Until 1763, the colonies existed in a state of salutary neglect, where the King and Parliament relatively ignored the colonies, allowing self-government. After 1763, England decided to enforce a policy of mercantilism, in which the mother country protected the colonies in exchange for exclusive trading rights. New legislation like the Stamp, Tea, and Quartering Acts eerily reminded the colonists of feudalism because their rights were being limited and they didn't have a voice in their government. As Adam Sandler said, ?Man does not know he is free until he has been in chains.? But the resemblance to feudalism in the later colonial era did not end with the revolution. In fact, there is evidence that aspects of feudalism survived in the United States Constitution. When the colonists came to America, they created a radically different government than the one they left behind in England. Though feudalism had waned by the 12th century, England was still left with vestiges of the feudal system, such as the rigid class system. In America, the colonists were allowed to build their own society from a state of nature, destroying the societal barriers that existed in their homeland. However, the ?feudal mischief? of which Emerson speaks was not over when ak similar to the vassal to lord relationship of the feudal system. When the colonies were founded, they operated under a mercantilist policy with England. Under this policy, all raw materials and resources of the colonies went without question to England, where they were manufactured into goods and sent back to the colonies. The colonists had no representation in England, and England had supreme power over the colonies and also had the duty of protecting those colonies from attack. This is nearly identical to the feudal system. However, England abandoned the practice of feudalism during the reign of King George, who followed a policy of salutary neglect. During this time the colonies were left to govern themselves. Then with the Proclamation of 1763, the king reasserted his feudal power over the colonists by restricting them to the land east of the Appalachian Mountains. This was followed by other laws that took away the powers that the colonists were used to having, such as the Intolerable Acts and the suspension of habeas corpus. This resurgence of feudal power caused the colonists, who had been practicing self-government, to rebel against England. Therefore, in a way the existence of feudalism caused America to be its own nation. The problem of feudalism was that it took away too many of the colonists rights. In the feudal system, the rights and responsibilities of the peasants and lords are clearly laid out. Similar to the early mercantilist system of the colonies, the peasants in a feudal system are required to serve their lord in a militia, and they are required to pay tribute to their lord. In England, this tribute was usually paid with the

The South China Sea A Historical Overview

The South China Sea A Historical Overview The sea is dotted with hundreds of small islands, atolls, and reefs, only a few of which are actually inhabitable and all of which lie outside the internationally-recognized 12 nautical miles territorial limit of the squabbling nations. Geopolitical disputes over the ownership of the South China Sea were a frequent topic of international news in 2012, and indications are that they will continue to be so for some time to come. Here is a brief primer on why this part of the world has become such a diplomatic hotspot. Where is the South China Sea? The South China Sea is a broad body of water lying between the coast of the Southeast Asian mainland and the island nations of the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia. It is bordered on the north by Taiwan and the southern coast of China, on the west by Viet Nam, on the south by the Malay Peninsula and Borneo, and on the east by the Philippines. DOKDO ISLANDS ARE KOREAN PROPERTY As shown by this map, China claims virtually all of the South China Sea, which is the source of the sharp disputes it has had with other countries, primarily Viet Nam and the Philippines. The sea is dotted with hundreds of small islands, atolls, and reefs, only a few of which are actually inhabitable and all of which lie outside the internationally-recognized 12 nautical miles territorial limit of the squabbling nations. The claims of the Philippines, Viet Nam, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei Darussalam to parts of the South China Sea are based on geographical proximity, historical claims, and the 200 nautical mile limit to â€Å"Exclusive Economic Zones† provided for in the 1982 UN Convention on the Laws of the Sea (UNCLOS), which is not recognized by China. Do Any of the Countries Have a Legitimate Claim? Because there is very little physical land that can be occupied in the South China Sea, none of the countries involved has established a clear, indisputable sovereign claim. In 1947, shortly after the Communists came to power in China, the Chinese government published maps purportedly dating back to the 16th century showing the sea as part of Chinese territory and claimed the area had been used by Chinese fishermen and traders for more than 2,000 years. Viet Nam in particular disputed this, producing documents of their own showing the Paracel and Spratly Island groups as part of their territory as early as the 17th century. The claims of the Philippines to the Spratlys and the Scarborough Shoal, which lies about 150 kilometers west of the Philippines, are based on those areas lying closer to the Philippines than any of the other countries. Malaysia, Indonesia, and Brunei base their claims on the provisions of the UNCLOS accord. Why is the South China Sea Such â€Å"Hot Property†? The most important reason is natural gas and lots of it. Although the continuing disputes have prevented much exploration in the South China Sea, indications from the few surveys that have been done indicate it may contain reserves of up to 25 trillion cubic meters of natural gas, which if true would make the area the third- or fourth-largest concentration of gas in the world. In addition, the South China Sea is believed to hold oil reserves of up to 28 billion barrels, according to estimates by the US Energy Information Administration. The South China Sea is also a strategically important shipping region linking Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Indian Ocean with China, Japan, and the rest of the Pacific Ocean; about a third of the world’s sea traffic is said to cross the South China Sea. The sea is also a rich fishing ground and supports most of the commercial fishing done by the Philippines, Viet Nam, China, and Malaysia. Key Events in the South China Sea The most serious clashes have occurred between China and Viet Nam, who have had naval battles over the Paracels and the Spratlys. In 1974, China launched an amphibious assault on the Paracel Islands then occupied by Viet Nam, seizing the island group after a short, violent fight that killed about 70 Vietnamese soldiers. In 1988, a naval engagement between Viet Nam and China in the Spratlys ended with several Vietnamese gunboats being destroyed, with a loss of about 60 sailors. More recently, an attempt by Philippine Coast Guard forces to arrest Chinese poachers in the Scarborough Shoal in 2012 led to a tense naval standoff that saw both nations send dozens of vessels to the area, and created a diplomatic crisis that has since settled down but has not been resolved. China also angered both Viet Nam and the Philippines in 2012 by redesigning its passports with an illustration of a map showing the South China Sea as part of its territory; as a result, both countries briefly refused to issue visa stamps to Chinese travelers carrying the new, offensive passports. Other small provocations are frequent occurrences. An unconfirmed report of Chinese interference with Vietnamese oil exploration vessels in 2011 led to massive anti-China demonstrations in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City; the Vietnamese for their part routinely conduct live-fire naval exercises in the South China Sea, drawing protests from the Chinese government. And in 2012, the Philippine government issued a directive renaming the South China Sea to the â€Å"West Philippine Sea,† further irritating China. Will the Disputes Be Ever Resolved? The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), which includes all the claimants to the South China Sea except China and Taiwan, has on several occasions attempted to develop a binding â€Å"code of conduct† for nations in the South China Sea, with little success. China for its part has consistently resisted moves to â€Å"internationalize† the dispute, preferring to negotiate on a bilateral basis with individual countries. Although some discussions have taken place, most recently between the Philippines and China over the Scarborough Shoal incident, none of the countries have been willing to relax their claims, suggesting the issue will be a source of tension for some time to come.

Competitive Strategies and Government Policies Essay

Competitive Strategies and Government Policies - Essay Example Though recent developments are forcing automobile manufactures to either innovate or lose, most have responded with the willingness to retain their market shares in the future as well. Newcomers, Mergers and Globalization A horizontal merger between Porsche and Volkswagen (VW) took place on 5 July 2012. VW bought half of Porsche’s operations for â‚ ¬4.4 billion and â€Å"one VW ordinary share for the 50.1pc of Porsche’s car-making activities that it does not already own† (Osborne, 2012). As a result of the merger, Porsche’s 911 sports car became a part of VW luxury car production of marques Bentley and Bugatti, budget brand Skoda, as well as of the MAN and Scania truckmakers (Osboren, 2012). This merger was horizontal, as both of these companies have a share in the total global car sales. The merger was not declared anti – competitive because of companies’ market shares. According to Farrell and Shapiro (1990), horizontal mergers are of gr eat concern to authorities as some through increased market share engage in uncompetitive behavior, such as higher prices (p.107). Porsche cars comprised only 0.2 percent of the market shares in terms of sales in the United States in December 2012 (The Wall Street Journal, 2013). VW comprised 3.2 percent (The Wall Street Journal, 2013). ... Besides mergers, new companies have been entering the automobile industry. With recent changes in technology and environmental awareness, new companies striving for a larger market share belong to the electrical car section of the automobile industry. Such is Coda Motor Company (2013). There are additional electrical car producers, such as Tesla Motors (Tesla Motors, 2013), Wheego Electric Cars (2013), Venturi (2013) and Saba Motors (2009). However, all of these companies, regardless of how innovative they are, are affected by globalization. According to the trade models, countries with lower labor costs can produce the same goods at a lower cost than those with higher, thus shifting low skilled production activities to the former (Nunnenkamp & Spatz, 2002, p.5). Though the automobile industries are highly capital and human capital intensive, production started shifting to cheaper countries with a rise in foreign direct investment (Nunnenkamp & Spatz, 2002, p.9). As a result, less th an 70 percent of production takes place nowadays in developed countries, including the traditional producers such as Japan, the United States and Germany (Nunnenkamp & Spatz, 2002, p.5). The least intensive types of production take place in developing countries. For example, German companies produce auto parts domestically, but engines are produced abroad (Nunnenkamp & Spatz, 2002, p.5). Thus, there are new suppliers of automobiles. Due to the cheaper labor, the European periphery (Greece, Spain, Portugal and Ireland), Central and Eastern Europe, China and several other industrializing Asian countries, and Mexico among other countries, have been producing automobile parts since the 1980’s (Nunnenkamp & Spatz, 2002, p.6, 41). By 1998, Latin American countries’ market share amounted to